{"title":"全面综述在 Erwinia amylovora 与寄主植物兼容互动中的氧化应激和 ROS 相关抗性策略","authors":"Hamid Abdollahi, Jaber Nasiri, Sadegh Mohajer","doi":"10.1007/s00344-024-11482-w","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fire blight, a withering and scorched appearance of trees infected with <i>Erwinia amylovora</i>, is assumed as one of the most destructive and contagious disease adversely affecting pome fruit trees worldwide. The bacterium of <i>E. amylovora</i> elicits reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation followed by rapid oxidative bursts during both compatible and incompatible interactions in host and non-host plants, respectively. These interactions occur because of the stimulation and expression of numerous <i>hrp</i>, <i>hrc</i>, <i>dsp</i>, <i>eop</i>, and <i>avr</i> genes in the pathogen's Hrp pathogenicity island followed by the subsequent secretion of effector proteins into host cells via type three secretion systems (T3SS). The <i>E. amylovora’s</i> secretome triggers oxidative burst in host and non-host tissues with different range of severities and various spatiotemporal patterns. Subsequently, numerous responses including hypersensitive reactions (HR) as absolute resistance in non-host plants (owing to the suppression of systemic acquired resistance; SAR) together with a range of disease resistance in host plants rating from highly resistance to fully susceptible (because of SAR suppression/activation) are normally appeared. In the battle between the hosts and <i>E. amylovora</i>, the former try to neutralize destructive effects of the pathogen via applying enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic ROS scavenging mechanisms, while the latter try to overcome the hosts mainly through recruiting two pathogenicity mechanisms of “ROS (oxidative burst)-independent pathogenicity factors” (i.e., levan, sucrose, and sorbitol) and “ROS (oxidative burst)-dependent pathogenicity elements” (i.e., secretion of effector proteins followed by protective mechanisms such as amylovoran and siderophores biosynthesis). In host plants, the activation/suppression of defense mechanisms regularly results in a multilateral of responses including ROS generation, particularly OH<sup>·−</sup> formation from H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage and ultimately tissue necrosis. Depending on the host ability either to produce higher amounts of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> or to scavenge O<sub>2</sub><sup>·−</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, two different resistance mechanisms of I and II could be concluded, respectively. This review was aimed to systematically detail the aforesaid two different pathogenicity mechanisms of <i>E. amylovora</i> in host tissues. Furthermore, diverse roles of ROS generation/scavenging during compatible interactions between hosts and <i>E. amylovora</i>, with an emphasis on various ROS sources in host cells (i.e., chloroplast and mitochondria organelles), the distinct functions of the various ROS, and ultimately their dual roles in acquiring diverse ranges of resistancibility to susceptibility to fire blight are discussed. Finally, the potential antioxidative function and protective actions of plant enzymes together with plant secondary metabolites to moderate/minimize deleterious side effects of the pathogen in the course of invasion are explained as “enzymatic/non-enzymatic ROS scavenging mechanisms”.</p>","PeriodicalId":16842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plant Growth Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A Comprehensive Review on Oxidative Stress and ROS-Related Resistance Strategies in Compatible Interaction Between Erwinia amylovora and Host Plants\",\"authors\":\"Hamid Abdollahi, Jaber Nasiri, Sadegh Mohajer\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00344-024-11482-w\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>The fire blight, a withering and scorched appearance of trees infected with <i>Erwinia amylovora</i>, is assumed as one of the most destructive and contagious disease adversely affecting pome fruit trees worldwide. The bacterium of <i>E. amylovora</i> elicits reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation followed by rapid oxidative bursts during both compatible and incompatible interactions in host and non-host plants, respectively. These interactions occur because of the stimulation and expression of numerous <i>hrp</i>, <i>hrc</i>, <i>dsp</i>, <i>eop</i>, and <i>avr</i> genes in the pathogen's Hrp pathogenicity island followed by the subsequent secretion of effector proteins into host cells via type three secretion systems (T3SS). The <i>E. amylovora’s</i> secretome triggers oxidative burst in host and non-host tissues with different range of severities and various spatiotemporal patterns. Subsequently, numerous responses including hypersensitive reactions (HR) as absolute resistance in non-host plants (owing to the suppression of systemic acquired resistance; SAR) together with a range of disease resistance in host plants rating from highly resistance to fully susceptible (because of SAR suppression/activation) are normally appeared. In the battle between the hosts and <i>E. amylovora</i>, the former try to neutralize destructive effects of the pathogen via applying enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic ROS scavenging mechanisms, while the latter try to overcome the hosts mainly through recruiting two pathogenicity mechanisms of “ROS (oxidative burst)-independent pathogenicity factors” (i.e., levan, sucrose, and sorbitol) and “ROS (oxidative burst)-dependent pathogenicity elements” (i.e., secretion of effector proteins followed by protective mechanisms such as amylovoran and siderophores biosynthesis). In host plants, the activation/suppression of defense mechanisms regularly results in a multilateral of responses including ROS generation, particularly OH<sup>·−</sup> formation from H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage and ultimately tissue necrosis. Depending on the host ability either to produce higher amounts of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> or to scavenge O<sub>2</sub><sup>·−</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, two different resistance mechanisms of I and II could be concluded, respectively. This review was aimed to systematically detail the aforesaid two different pathogenicity mechanisms of <i>E. amylovora</i> in host tissues. Furthermore, diverse roles of ROS generation/scavenging during compatible interactions between hosts and <i>E. amylovora</i>, with an emphasis on various ROS sources in host cells (i.e., chloroplast and mitochondria organelles), the distinct functions of the various ROS, and ultimately their dual roles in acquiring diverse ranges of resistancibility to susceptibility to fire blight are discussed. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
火疫病是指树木感染 Erwinia amylovora 后出现枯萎和焦枯的症状,被认为是对全球果树产生不利影响的最具破坏性和传染性的病害之一。在寄主植物和非寄主植物的相容和不相容相互作用过程中,淀粉埃文氏菌都会诱发活性氧(ROS)的产生,并随之发生快速氧化爆发。这些相互作用的发生是由于病原体 Hrp 致病性岛中的大量 hrp、hrc、dsp、eop 和 avr 基因被激发和表达,随后效应蛋白通过三型分泌系统(T3SS)分泌到宿主细胞中。E.amylovora的分泌组在宿主和非宿主组织中引发氧化猝灭,其严重程度和时空模式各不相同。随后,通常会出现许多反应,包括作为非宿主植物绝对抗性的超敏反应(HR)(由于系统获得性抗性(SAR)被抑制),以及宿主植物从高度抗性到完全易感(由于 SAR 被抑制/激活)的一系列抗病性。在宿主与 E. amylovora 的斗争中,前者试图通过酶和/或非酶 ROS 清除机制来中和病原体的破坏作用,而后者则主要通过 "ROS(氧化猝灭)依赖性致病因子"(即、ROS(氧化猝灭)依赖性致病因子"(即淀粉酶、蔗糖和山梨醇)和 "ROS(氧化猝灭)依赖性致病因子"(即分泌效应蛋白,然后进行保护机制,如淀粉酶和苷元生物合成)。在寄主植物体内,防御机制的激活/抑制通常会导致多种反应,包括产生 ROS(特别是 H2O2 形成的 OH)、脂质过氧化、电解质渗漏以及最终的组织坏死。根据宿主产生大量 H2O2 或清除 O2--和 H2O2 的能力,可分别总结出 I 和 II 两种不同的抵抗机制。本综述旨在系统地详细介绍淀粉样埃希氏菌在宿主组织中的上述两种不同致病机制。此外,还讨论了在寄主与 E. amylovora 的相容性相互作用过程中产生/清除 ROS 的各种作用,重点是寄主细胞中的各种 ROS 来源(即叶绿体和线粒体细胞器)、各种 ROS 的不同功能,以及最终它们在获得不同范围的抗性和对火疫病的易感性方面的双重作用。最后,将植物酶的潜在抗氧化功能和保护作用与植物次生代谢物一起解释为 "酶/非酶 ROS 清除机制",以缓和/减少病原体在入侵过程中产生的有害副作用。
A Comprehensive Review on Oxidative Stress and ROS-Related Resistance Strategies in Compatible Interaction Between Erwinia amylovora and Host Plants
The fire blight, a withering and scorched appearance of trees infected with Erwinia amylovora, is assumed as one of the most destructive and contagious disease adversely affecting pome fruit trees worldwide. The bacterium of E. amylovora elicits reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation followed by rapid oxidative bursts during both compatible and incompatible interactions in host and non-host plants, respectively. These interactions occur because of the stimulation and expression of numerous hrp, hrc, dsp, eop, and avr genes in the pathogen's Hrp pathogenicity island followed by the subsequent secretion of effector proteins into host cells via type three secretion systems (T3SS). The E. amylovora’s secretome triggers oxidative burst in host and non-host tissues with different range of severities and various spatiotemporal patterns. Subsequently, numerous responses including hypersensitive reactions (HR) as absolute resistance in non-host plants (owing to the suppression of systemic acquired resistance; SAR) together with a range of disease resistance in host plants rating from highly resistance to fully susceptible (because of SAR suppression/activation) are normally appeared. In the battle between the hosts and E. amylovora, the former try to neutralize destructive effects of the pathogen via applying enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic ROS scavenging mechanisms, while the latter try to overcome the hosts mainly through recruiting two pathogenicity mechanisms of “ROS (oxidative burst)-independent pathogenicity factors” (i.e., levan, sucrose, and sorbitol) and “ROS (oxidative burst)-dependent pathogenicity elements” (i.e., secretion of effector proteins followed by protective mechanisms such as amylovoran and siderophores biosynthesis). In host plants, the activation/suppression of defense mechanisms regularly results in a multilateral of responses including ROS generation, particularly OH·− formation from H2O2, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage and ultimately tissue necrosis. Depending on the host ability either to produce higher amounts of H2O2 or to scavenge O2·− and H2O2, two different resistance mechanisms of I and II could be concluded, respectively. This review was aimed to systematically detail the aforesaid two different pathogenicity mechanisms of E. amylovora in host tissues. Furthermore, diverse roles of ROS generation/scavenging during compatible interactions between hosts and E. amylovora, with an emphasis on various ROS sources in host cells (i.e., chloroplast and mitochondria organelles), the distinct functions of the various ROS, and ultimately their dual roles in acquiring diverse ranges of resistancibility to susceptibility to fire blight are discussed. Finally, the potential antioxidative function and protective actions of plant enzymes together with plant secondary metabolites to moderate/minimize deleterious side effects of the pathogen in the course of invasion are explained as “enzymatic/non-enzymatic ROS scavenging mechanisms”.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Plant Growth Regulation is an international publication featuring original articles on all aspects of plant growth and development. We welcome manuscripts reporting question-based research on various aspects of plant growth and development using hormonal, physiological, environmental, genetic, biophysical, developmental and/or molecular approaches.
The journal also publishes timely reviews on highly relevant areas and/or studies in plant growth and development, including interdisciplinary work with an emphasis on plant growth, plant hormones and plant pathology or abiotic stress.
In addition, the journal features occasional thematic issues with special guest editors, as well as brief communications describing novel techniques and meeting reports.
The journal is unlikely to accept manuscripts that are purely descriptive in nature or reports work with simple tissue culture without attempting to investigate the underlying mechanisms of plant growth regulation, those that focus exclusively on microbial communities, or deal with the (elicitation by plant hormones of) synthesis of secondary metabolites.