PHIGrader: Evaluating the effectiveness of Manifest file components in Android malware detection using Multi Criteria Decision Making techniques

The popularity of the Android operating system has itself become a reason for privacy concerns. To deal with such malware threats, researchers have proposed various detection approaches using static and dynamic features. Static analysis approaches are the most convenient for practical detection. However, several patterns of feature usage were found to be similar in the normal and malware datasets. Such high similarity in both datasets’ feature patterns motivates us to rank and select only the distinguishing set of features. Hence, in this study, we present a novel Android malware detection system, termed as PHIGrader for ranking and evaluating the efficiency of the three most commonly used static features, namely permissions, intents, and hardware components, when used for Android malware detection. To meet our goals, we individually rank the three feature types using frequency-based Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques, namely TOPSIS and EDAS. Then, the system applies a novel detection algorithm to the rankings involving machine learning and deep learning classifiers to present the best set of features and feature type with higher detection accuracy as an output. The experimental results highlight that our proposed approach can effectively detect Android malware with 99.10% detection accuracy, achieved with the top 46 intents when ranked using TOPSIS, which is better than permissions, hardware components, or even the case where other popular MCDM techniques are used. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that the proposed system with frequency-based MCDM rankings is better than other statistical tests such as mutual information, Pearson correlation coefficient, and t-test. In addition, our proposed model outperforms various popularly used feature ranking methods such as Chi-square, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Entropy-based Category Coverage Difference (ECCD), and other state-of-the-art Android malware detection techniques in terms of detection accuracy.