A near-complete genome assembly of the bearded dragon Pogona vitticeps provides insights into the origin of Pogona sex chromosomes

Background: The agamid dragon lizard Pogona vitticeps is one of the most popular domesticated reptiles to be kept as pets worldwide. The capacity of breeding in captivity also makes it emerging as a model species for a range of scientific research, especially for the studies of sex chromosome origin and sex determination mechanisms. Results: By leveraging the CycloneSEQ and DNBSEQ sequencing technologies, we conducted whole genome and long-range sequencing for a captive-bred ZZ male to construct a chromosome-scale reference genome for P. vitticeps. The new reference genome is ~1.8 Gb in length, with a contig N50 of 202.5 Mb and all contigs anchored onto 16 chromosomes. Genome annotation assisted by long-read RNA sequencing greatly expanded the P. vitticeps lncRNA catalog. With the chromosome-scale genome, we were able to characterize the whole Z sex chromosome for the first time. We found that over 80% of the Z chromosome remains as pseudo-autosomal region (PAR) where recombination is not suppressed. The sexually differentiated region (SDR) is small and occupied mostly by transposons, yet it aggregates genes involved in male development, such as AMH, AMHR2 and BMPR1A. Finally, by tracking the evolutionary origin and developmental expression of the SDR genes, we proposed a model for the origin of P. vitticeps sex chromosomes which considered the Z-linked AMH as the master sex-determining gene. Conclusions: Our study provides novel insights into the sex chromosome origin and sex determination of this model lizard. The near-complete P. vitticeps reference genome will also benefit future study of amniote evolution and may facilitate genome-assisted breeding.