世界主义

IF 1 Q3 SOCIOLOGY
Raymond Geuss
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文分为两个部分。在第一部分中,作者试图勾勒出采用散文式而非专题式方法研究社会现象的一些理由。如果我们认为社会对某些相对统一的术语、概念和理论抱有强烈的特权,默许它们具有普遍性,那么对个别看似边缘的现象进行重点研究,就能摆脱这种强加的同一性,而不是更笼统的理论描述。第二部分首先区分了三种意义上的 "普遍性"。在第一种意义上,如果一种方法声称适用于一切事物,那么它就是普遍的。人类行为的 "经济 "方法就是一个例子。在第二种意义上,人们可以声称一种理论具有普遍适用性,而且是唯一正确的--它不仅仅是处理一切问题的一种方法,而且是唯一正确的方法。第三种意义与康德的超越论有关,它不仅是对某一观点的正确性的宣称,而且是对其必然性的宣称,这种必然性植根于某种不变的特征,而这种不变的特征构造了我们所有的知识。本文认为,混淆了 "普遍主义 "三种含义中的第一种和第三种,对人类的思想和行动产生了非常有害的后果。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
‘Universalism’
This essay falls into two parts. In the first the author tries to sketch some reasons for adopting an essayistic, rather than a monographic, approach to social phenomena. If one believes that society strongly privileges a certain relatively uniform set of terms, concepts, and theories, tacitly claiming universal status for them, then a sharply focused study of individual, seemingly marginal, phenomena will escape this imposed homogeneity than more general theoretic accounts will. The second part begins by distinguishing three senses of ‘universalism’. In the first sense, and approach is universal if it claims to be applicable to everything. An example would be the ‘economic’ approach to human behaviour. In a second sense, one can claim that a theory has universal application and is also uniquely correct –it is not simply one way to approach everything, but it is the only right way. The third sense is one associated with Kantian transcendentalism, which is a claim not just about the correctness of a given view, but its necessity, a necessity that is rooted in some invariant feature which structures all our knowledge. This essay claims that a confusion of the first and third of the three senses of ‘universalism’ has had very deleterious consequences for human thought and action.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.70
自引率
14.30%
发文量
22
期刊介绍: The Journal of Classical Sociology publishes cutting-edge articles that will command general respect within the academic community. The aim of the Journal of Classical Sociology is to demonstrate scholarly excellence in the study of the sociological tradition. The journal elucidates the origins of sociology and also demonstrates how the classical tradition renews the sociological imagination in the present day. The journal is a critical but constructive reflection on the roots and formation of sociology from the Enlightenment to the 21st century. Journal of Classical Sociology promotes discussions of early social theory, such as Hobbesian contract theory, through the 19th- and early 20th- century classics associated with the thought of Comte, Marx, Durkheim, Weber, Simmel, Veblen.
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