Enhancing power conversion efficiency of lead-free perovskite solar cells: a numerical simulation approach

Recent research in environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells have made tremendous progress with their rapid improvements in performance and on the verge of commercialisation. In this research, a numerical simulation-based analysis of MASnI₃ with different transport layer materials are performed to enhance the efficacy. The finding shows, an optimized device architecture comprising of Cu₂O as a hole transport layer and TiO₂ as an electron transport layer achieves the highest power conversion efficiency of 27.21%, open-circuit voltage of 0.99 V, short circuit current density of 33.83 mA/cm², and fill factor of 81.12%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed model results have been compared with the recently published lead-free literature and found to have improvement in performance. Furthermore, the impact of several significant parameter on system performance is thoroughly analysed and optimised. This covers effect of temperature change, absorber thickness, total defect density, acceptor density of absorber along with others. Henceforth, the proposed research work will expand the possibilities of designing high-performance lead-free perovskite solar cells experimentally in future research.