Exploring time series models for landslide prediction: a literature review

Landslides pose significant geological hazards, necessitating advanced prediction techniques to protect vulnerable populations. Reviewing landslide time series analysis predictions is found to be missing despite the availability of numerous reviews. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews time series analysis in landslide prediction, focusing on physically based causative models, highlighting data preparation, model selection, optimizations, and evaluations. The review shows that deep learning, particularly the long-short-term memory (LSTM) model, outperforms traditional methods. However, the effectiveness of these models hinges on meticulous data preparation and model optimization. While the existing literature offers valuable insights, we identify key areas for future research, including the impact of data frequency and the integration of subsurface characteristics in prediction models.