Collective gradient sensing by dilute swimming bacteria without clustering

We characterize the taxis enhancement of swimming bacteria by collective migration without apparent clustering. We confine a dilute Salmonella suspension in a shallow channel and evaluate the thermotaxis response to local heating and diffusion. By combining cell tracking analysis and numerical simulation based on simple modeling, we show that the alignment interaction suppresses orientation fluctuation, strengthens migration bias, and also prevents the dispersion of accumulated population. The results show a prominent example of how a collective motion of active matter implements a biological function.