Harm Reduction in Peer-Assisted Telemedicine for Hepatitis C: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Hepatitis C (HCV) treatment for people who use drugs (PWUD) decreases injection drug use and injection equipment sharing. We examined changes in injection drug use and injection equipment sharing following HCV treatment in a randomized trial comparing peer-assisted telemedicine for HCV treatment (TeleHCV) versus peer-assisted usual care in rural PWUD. We hypothesize that TeleHCV reduces risky behaviors and peers facilitate this change. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to describe participant-level (n = 203) associations between both injection drug use and injection equipment sharing and randomized groups, frequency of peer contact, HCV treatment initiation, HCV cure, and time. Risky behaviors were surveyed at baseline and 12 and 36 weeks after HCV treatment completion. Injection drug use declined more over time in TeleHCV participants vs. control at 12 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.42, 95% CI 0.20–0.87, p = 0.02) and 36 weeks (aOR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.21–1.08, p = 0.076). Injection drug use decreased more with a greater number of peer interactions, with reductions among participants in the 3rd quartile exceeding those in the 1st quartile of peer interactions at 12 weeks (aOR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.57–0.99, p = 0.04). Similarly, injection equipment sharing decreased over time, with reductions among participants in the 3rd quartile exceeding those in the 1st quartile of peer interactions at 36 weeks (aOR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.97, p = 0.047). Peer-assisted telemedicine for HCV treatment decreases injection drug use and injection equipment sharing; peers contribute to this effect.