Neurological applications of focused ultrasound: an introduction and update on clinical and research trends

Focused ultrasound has emerged as a non-invasive technology with potential for treating various medical conditions, particularly neurological diseases. This article aims to explore recent advancements in the utilization of focused ultrasound for treating neurological conditions. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to explore current clinical applications and investigational uses of focused ultrasound, aiming to provide an up-todate overview of the field's progress. By employing different combinations of intensity and frequency, focused ultrasound can induce diverse interactions with soft tissues, including tissue ablation, cavitation, and mechanical effects. High-intensity focused ultrasound is utilized for tissue ablation and has received FDA approval for treating medication-refractory essential tremor. Conversely, low-intensity focused ultrasound is employed for neuromodulation and opening the blood–brain barrier, facilitating enhanced drug delivery for treating brain tumors and other neurological conditions. This article reviews ongoing clinical trials investigating focused ultrasound's role in neurological condition treatment. Focused ultrasound holds significant promise for managing and treating various neurologic conditions. Whether employed for tissue ablation or transiently opening the blood–brain barrier to enhance drug delivery, numerous potential applications exist. Further research is necessary to evaluate its safe implementation and compare clinical outcomes with standard-of-care therapies.