通过技术化获得豁免权?对突尼斯水治理论述的批判性审查

WIREs Water Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI:10.1002/wat2.1757
Kais Bouazzi
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摘要

1956 年,突尼斯从法国独立后,开始实行所谓的 "供应管理政策",即通过大规模的现代水利基础设施最大限度地调动水资源。20 世纪 80 年代初,突尼斯陷入危机,迫于国际货币基金组织和世界银行的压力,不得不于 1986 年通过了一项 "结构调整计划"(SAP),优先采取措施提高经济效率和实现经济自由化。此后,突尼斯的水政策逐步转向 "水资源综合管理"(IWRM)。本综述批判性地分析了制定这些政策干预措施的水资源治理论述。我将借鉴学术研究、官方和民间社会的报告,指出这些论述已被 "技术化",摒弃了任何政治性(因此也是冲突性)问题。当 "技术化 "论述将发展项目和政策提升到政治争论之上时,反对者采取行动的可能性就会受到限制。这种通过技术话语使发展干预非政治化的做法,缩小了民主辩论的公共空间。我还将论证 "技术化"(使之技术化)过程是可逆的。反对派团体可以用批判性的方法挑战技术话语,从而重构和改变政府计划的轨迹。然而,批判性话语反过来也会被技术化:人类用水> 水治理 人类用水> 水权
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Immunity through technification? A critical review of water governance discourses in Tunisia
After Tunisia's independence from France in 1956, the country was engaged in what has been termed the “supply management policy”, that is, a maximum mobilization of water resources through large‐scale modern hydraulic infrastructure. Towards the beginning of the 1980s, the country entered a crisis and had to adopt in 1986, under pressure from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, a “Structural Adjustment Program” (SAP) that prioritized measures to improve economic efficiency and liberalize the economy. Since then, Tunisian water policy has progressively shifted towards “Integrated Water Resources Management” (IWRM). This review critically analyzes the water governance discourses that have framed these policy interventions. I will draw on academic research and official and civil society reports to suggest that these discourses have been “rendered technical”, stripping issues of any political (and therefore conflicting) character. When rendered technical discourses raise development projects and policies above the terrain of political contestation, the possibilities of action available to those opposed to them become limited. This depoliticization of development interventions through technical discourses narrows the public space of democratic debate. I will also argue that the “technification” (rendering technical) process is reversible. Opposition groups can challenge technical discourses with a critical approach that can reconfigure and alter the trajectory of governmental programs. However, critical discourses can, in turn, be rendered technical.This article is categorized under: Human Water > Water Governance Human Water > Rights to Water
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