在黑暗中蓬勃发展:舒尔干-塔什洞穴(俄罗斯乌拉尔南部)水源地的原生生物群落

Diversity Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI:10.3390/d16090526
Natalia E. Gogoleva, Marina A. Nasyrova, Alexander S. Balkin, Olga Ya. Chervyatsova, Lyudmila Yu. Kuzmina, Elena I. Shagimardanova, Yuri V. Gogolev, Andrey O. Plotnikov
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引用次数: 0

摘要

岩溶洞穴由可溶性碳酸盐岩侵蚀形成,具有温度稳定、湿度高的独特生态系统。这些条件支持多样化的微生物群落,包括壁面微生物污垢、水生生物膜和浮游生物群落。这项研究通过 18S rRNA 基因组编码,揭示了舒尔干-塔什洞穴水生生物群落中原生生物的分类多样性。我们的研究结果揭示了洞穴水生生物群落中丰富的原生生物群落,其中洞穴入口处蓝湖的原生生物多样性最高。相比之下,洞穴深处的遥远湖则栖息着浮游生物、垫状生物和池指生物等特定群落,这些群落的丰富度和均匀度都较低,而且适应极端条件(寒冷、黑暗和有限的营养物质)。包括 Opisthokonta、Stramenopiles 和 Rhizaria 在内的高等级类群在所有生物群落中都占主导地位,这与其他地下环境的观测结果一致。洞穴内特定生物群落的优势类群各不相同:垫子中的软体石龙子(Synchromophyceae)和鞭毛虫(Choanoflagellatea 和 Sandona);池指中的鞭毛虫(Choanoflagellatea、Bicoecaceae、Ancyromonadida)和软体原生动物(Filasterea);浮游生物中的鞭毛虫(Ochromonadales, Glissomonadida, Synchromophyceae)、真菌类原生动物(Peronosporomycetes)和真菌(Ustilaginomycotina)。群落的特异性得到了 LEfSe 分析的支持,该分析揭示了每种生物群落中富集或差异丰富的原生生物类群。洞穴垫层和池指生物群落中主要为藻类,洞穴垫层中主要为合色藻类,这似乎是舒尔干-塔什洞的一个独特特征。其他洞穴中记录的耐寒酵母马拉色菌也出现在浮游生物和生物膜群落中,这表明它对低温有很强的适应能力。不过,没有检测到可能有害的真菌,因此这项研究被定位为未来监测的基线。我们的研究结果强调了持续监测和保护的必要性,以保护舒尔干-塔什洞脆弱的生态系统免受人为干扰和微生物入侵。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Flourishing in Darkness: Protist Communities of Water Sites in Shulgan-Tash Cave (Southern Urals, Russia)
Karst caves, formed by the erosion of soluble carbonate rocks, provide unique ecosystems characterized by stable temperatures and high humidity. These conditions support diverse microbial communities, including wall microbial fouling, aquatic biofilms, and planktonic communities. This study discloses the taxonomic diversity of protists in aquatic biotopes of Shulgan-Tash Cave, a culturally significant site and popular tourist destination, by 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding. Our findings reveal the rich protist communities in the cave’s aquatic biotopes, with the highest diversity observed in Blue Lake at the cave entrance. In contrast, Distant Lake in the depth of the cave was inhabited by specific communities of plankton, mats, and pool fingers, which exhibited lower richness and evenness, and were adapted to extreme conditions (cold, darkness, and limited nutrients). High-rank taxa including Opisthokonta, Stramenopiles, and Rhizaria dominated all biotopes, aligning with observations from other subterranean environments. Specific communities of biotopes inside the cave featured distinct dominant taxa: amoeboid stramenopile (Synchromophyceae) and flagellates (Choanoflagellatea and Sandona) in mats; flagellates (Choanoflagellatea, Bicoecaceae, Ancyromonadida) and amoeboid protists (Filasterea) in pool fingers; flagellates (Ochromonadales, Glissomonadida, Synchromophyceae), fungi-like protists (Peronosporomycetes), and fungi (Ustilaginomycotina) in plankton. The specificity of the communities was supported by LEfSe analysis, which revealed enriched or differentially abundant protist taxa in each type of biotope. The predominance of Choanoflagellatea in the communities of cave mats and pool fingers, as well as the predominance of Synchromophyceae in the cave mats, appears to be a unique feature of Shulgan-Tash Cave. The cold-tolerant yeast Malassezia recorded in other caves was present in both plankton and biofilm communities, suggesting its resilience to low temperatures. However, no potentially harmful fungi were detected, positioning this research as a baseline for future monitoring. Our results emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance and conservation efforts to protect the fragile ecosystems of Shulgan-Tash Cave from human-induced disturbances and microbial invasions.
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