Structural and Chemical Characterization of the Ediacaran Embryo-Like Fossils via the Combination of 3D-XRM and FIB-SEM Approaches

The three-dimensional (3D) morphology, anatomy, and in-situ chemical composition analysis of fossils are crucial for systematic paleontology and determining their phylogenetic positions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), offers valuable structural and chemical information for the analysis of fossils. However, its primary limitation is the restriction to two-dimensional surface data, which limits the exploration of fossils’ 3D complexities. Conversely, 3D X-ray microscopy (3D-XRM), also known as a novel form of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) facilitates the non-destructive 3D reconstruction of fossil specimens. Nevertheless, it lacks the capability to provide in-situ compositional data. Acknowledging the constraints inherent in these individual techniques, and in response to the evolving requirements of paleontological research, this study introduces an integrated approach that combines 3D-XRM with EDS-coupled focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). This innovative strategy is designed to synergize the advantages of both techniques, thereby addressing challenges that conventional methods cannot. It enables the rapid identification of regions of interest (ROI) within fossil specimens at micrometer resolution. Subsequently, this method collects detailed data on both 3D structures and chemical compositions at the nanometer scale for the identified ROI. This integrated approach represents a significant advancement in paleontological and geological research methodologies, promising to meet the increasing demands of these fields.