Optimizing reaction and transport fluxes in temperature gradient-driven chemical reaction-diffusion systems

Temperature gradients represent energy sources that can be harvested to generate steady reaction or transport fluxes. Technological developments could lead to the transfer of free energy from heat sources and sinks to chemical systems for the purpose of extraction, thermal batteries, or nonequilibrium synthesis. We present a theoretical study of 1D chemical systems subjected to temperature gradients. A complete theoretical framework describes the system behavior induced by various temperature profiles. An exact mathematical derivation was established for a simple two-compartment model, and generalized to arbitrary reaction-diffusion systems based on numerical models. An experimental system was eventually scaled and tuned to optimize either nonequilibrium chemical transport or reaction. The relevant parameters for this description were identified; they focused on the system symmetry for chemical reaction and transport. Nonequilibrium thermodynamic approaches lead to a description analogous to electric circuits. Temperature gradients lead to the onset of a steady chemical force, sustaining steady reaction-diffusion fluxes moderated by chemical resistance. The system activity was then assessed using the entropy production rate, as a measure of its dissipated power. The chemical characteristics of the system can be tuned for the general optimization of the nonequilibrium state or for the specific optimization of either transport or reaction processes. The temperature gradient shape can be tailored to precisely control the spatial localization of active processes, targeting either precise spatial localization or propagation over large areas. The resulting temperature-driven chemical system can in turn be used to drive secondary processes into either nonequilibrium reaction fluxes or concentration gradients.