Descriptors for characterization and evaluation of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) germplasm for utilization in crop improvement

The Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), commonly referred to as Aonla, is a significant medicinal fruit tree native to India. Its homeland harbors a wide spectrum of genetic diversity, relevant to various desirable horticultural traits. Assessing genetic variability for varietal enhancement necessitates a comprehensive capture of both quantifiable and non-quantifiable morphological characteristics. In this study, 49 accessions were meticulously evaluated and characterized for 38 diverse qualitative and quantitative morphological traits. Commercial Aonla cultivars, primarily selected, typically exhibit a semi-spreading or spreading nature. The Aonla germplasm showcases notable discrepancies in morphological traits, spanning growth, flower, bark, and fruit characteristics, reflecting the diversity across its tree. Fruit aspect ratio, defining the relationship between diameter and length, serves as a crucial identifying feature. Variations in total soluble solids, ascorbic acids, pulp: stone ratio, pulp content, fruit dimensions, weight, circumference, and yield per plant were observed across genotypes and varied from 7.5–12.1°brix, 340.72–550.38 mg/100 g, 13.25–19.71, 13.50–42.35 g, 1.79–4.17 cm, 2.28–4.27 cm, 15.97–45.19 g, 7.04–13.44 cm, and 45.70–105.14 kg/tree, respectively. Genetic variability analyses suggest ample opportunities for selection, with correlation research elucidating important selection criteria. Path coefficient analysis identified traits with direct and indirect effects on yield per plant, while principal component analysis offered a comprehensive overview of variability among genotypes. Cluster analysis categorized genotypes into distinct groups, revealing valuable traits for achieving high fruit yield. Overall, the research underscored the importance of morphological traits in assessing Aonla diversity and their role in breeding programs aimed at enhancing quality and yield. The findings provided valuable insights for cultivar selection and future breeding efforts, contributing to the sustainable cultivation and utilization of Aonla germplasm.