Composition and paragenesis of daqingshanite from the Kamthai carbothermalite, Rajasthan, India

Daqingshanite in the Kamthai REE deposit (India) occurs as two paragenetic types: primary granular coarse grained crystals coexisting with primary carbocernaite, baryte and bastnäsite; and as aligned micro-ovoid globules within clasts of Sr-bearing calcite. Carbocernaite forming trellis-type lamellae in some of these calcite clasts do not represent exsolution and are considered as replacement textures as they formed subsequent to daqingshanite. The origins of the textural relations of the microglobules of daqingshanite to their host Sr-calcite cannot be unambiguously determined, although an exsolution origin is not considered feasible. The textures are similar to those of ‘chalcopyrite disease’ and as such could be interpreted as replacement features formed in a low temperature carbothermal environment which should facilitate replacement. Given that daqingshanite is an early crystallising phase it is also possible that cotectic crystallisation with Sr-calcite occurred, followed by subsolidus re-equilibration with recrystallisation along specific crystallographic planes in the calcite. The Kamthai REE deposit is best described as a low temperature carbothermalite microbreccia consisting of a wide variety of clasts resulting from the autobrecciation of rocks formed during, and after, the magmatic to carbothermal transition of an undetermined parental calcite carbonatite-forming magma. Many clasts have been replaced by late stage La-enriched carbothermal fluids mixed with exogenous water during the final low-temperature stage of evolution of the deposit.