Understanding Melasma: From Pathogenesis to Innovative Treatments

Melasma is a common chronic acquired pigmentation disorder that is recognized as a type of photoaging disorder. Although the exact etiology and pathogenesis of melasma remain elusive, it is widely believed that it is triggered by multiple factors and involves multiple cells. Because of its impact on appearance and self-confidence, melasma can affect the mental health and quality of life of patients. Various types of therapies have been used to treat melasma; however, the treatment of melasma remains challenging because of its eradication difficulty and almost constant relapses. Energy-based and combination therapies have recently become a new trend with surprising therapeutic outcomes. This work provides an overview of the clinical characteristics, etiology, pathogenesis, histopathologic features, and management of melasma.