Deformation mechanism-assisted deep learning architecture for predicting step-like displacement of reservoir landslide

Reservoir landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, exhibit prolonged slow motion and the potential for catastrophic events due to fluctuations in reservoir levels and intense rainfall episodes. Their distinct step-like deformation characteristics, involving rapid transformation processes of different states, pose challenges for accurate early warning and prediction. Previous forecasting models have often struggled with limited accuracy. This study introduces a mechanism-assisted deep learning model, leveraging the Informer architecture, to predict prolonged step-like reservoir landslide displacement. Utilizing a 15-year continuous monitoring dataset of the Baishuihe landslide, this model investigates the landslide mechanism, identifies influencing conditions underlying the step-wise behavior, and customizes input features for the prediction model by integrating optimized variational mode decomposition and wavelet analysis. Additionally, the dynamic correlation and hysteresis analysis between triggering factors and displacement offer valuable physical insights into the model and enhance the interpretability of the model. The model is further tailored to accommodate features of the monitoring dataset associated with landslide evolution by integrating a global multi-head attention mechanism and pooling layers, enabling the capture of both globe dependencies and local critical features of the model inputs. Through rigorous model training, performance evaluation, and tuning, the proposed model efficiently predicts step-wise landslide displacement, particularly during short-term rapid transitions between creep-mutation states.