Receiver or transmitter? Unlocking the role of green technology innovation in sustainable development, energy, and carbon markets

In the context of sustainable development, the energy crisis and the volatile carbon trading markets have made the integration of green technology increasingly essential. This study explores the spillover effects between green technology innovation (GTI), oil price, clean energy (CE), carbon emissions trading prices (CETP), and sustainable development (SD) using quantile connectedness. The static analysis reveals that the connectedness relationship in extreme quantiles is remarkably more related than the middle quantile. The dynamic results indicate that major events significantly strengthen the overall risk correlation, but spillover effects are asymmetric under different quantiles. Further analysis under extreme market conditions demonstrates that SD and CE have produced a continuous and steady risk spillover to GTI, while CETP increased the risk transmission to GTI following the COVID-19 pandemic. This research underscores the significance of coordinating the development of GTI, energy, carbon markets, and SD by investigating risk contagion mechanisms in various market scenarios. In terms of policy implications, the findings indicate that stable energy system and reasonable carbon prices can stimulate the advancement of GTI.