Chronic post-ischemic pain (CPIP) a model of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS-I): Role of oxidative stress and inflammation

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) presents as a persistent and distressing pain condition often stemming from limb trauma or ischemia, manifesting as either CRPS-I (without initial nerve injury) or CRPS-II (accompanied by nerve injury). Despite its prevalence and significant impact on functionality and emotional well-being, standard treatments for CRPS remain elusive. The multifaceted nature of CRPS complicates the identification of its underlying mechanisms. In efforts to elucidate these mechanisms, researchers have turned to animal models such as chronic post-ischemic pain (CPIP), which mirrors the symptoms of CRPS-I. Various mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the acute and chronic pain experienced in CRPS-I, including oxidative stress and inflammation. Traditional treatment approaches often involve antidepressants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and opioids. However, these methods frequently fall short of providing adequate relief. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative treatments, such as antioxidant supplementation, anti-inflammatory agents, and non-pharmacological interventions. Future research directions should focus on optimizing treatment strategies and addressing remaining gaps in knowledge to improve patient outcomes. This review aims to delve into the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in the CPIP model, specifically focusing on oxidative stress and inflammation, with the ultimate goal of proposing innovative therapeutic strategies for alleviating the symptoms of CRPS-I.