MDADroid: A novel malware detection method by constructing functionality-API mapping

As the Android ecosystem develops, malware also evolves to adapt to the changes. Consequently, malware remains a significant threat, posing a challenge in developing a low-resource consumption malware detection method that can adjust to updates in the Android API versions. We propose a novel method called MDADroid, which detects malware based on self-built Functionality-API mapping. We start by building a set of permission-related APIs using open-source knowledge. Then, we construct a Functionality-App-API heterogeneous graph based on collected data and establish a Functionality-API mapping from it. Finally, MDADroid transforms app features from the API level to the functionality level for malware detection, ensuring model resilience to API changes. We also design an API similarity calculation method that updates the Functionality-API mapping at a low cost. We evaluate MDADroid on multiple datasets, and the results show that MDADroid achieves an accuracy of 95.22%, 96.23%, 98.77%, and 99.56% on the AndroZoo, CICAndMal 2017, CICMalDroid 2020, and Drebin datasets, respectively, with training and testing times of 2 s, 0.6188 s, 1.34 s, and 1.02 s. Moreover, our method demonstrates excellent performance in the tests for resilience capabilities.