Does format matter? A naturalistic study of digital and provider-led cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia implemented in a healthcare system.

Objectives: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTi) is a first-line treatment for a prevalent and impairing disorder. Digital CBTi programs increase access to internet-based self-directed care. However, the clinical effect of offering different forms of CBTi in a healthcare setting is not clearly understood. This study examines treatment engagement and clinical outcomes for individuals referred to either digital or provider-led CBTi.

Methods: Over two years, providers at a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facility referred patients to digital CBTi with telephone coaching support or traditional provider-led CBTi. Characteristics of those referred, proportions engaging in and completing treatment, as well as insomnia severity were compared among those referred to each format.

Results: Providers referred 139 individuals to digital CBTi, 340 to provider-led CBTi, and 14 to both formats. Individuals referred to digital CBTi were older with less severe insomnia. Despite lower levels of program engagement and completion in the digital CBTi cohort, measures of insomnia symptom change were similar between the groups.

Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate both digital and provider-led evidence-based treatments for insomnia disorder simultaneously deployed in a healthcare setting. While engagement in digital CBTi lagged that for provider-led CBTi, offering both formats may expand access to different groups, while fostering similar outcomes.