Optical and conduction mechanism study of lead-free CsMnCl3 perovskite

Perovskite research is increasingly focused on lead-free, all-inorganic single crystals due to their lower biological toxicity and greater material stability. While lead-based perovskites show promise, their environmental and health risks are concerning. Lead-free alternatives provide a safer, more sustainable option with enhanced durability for practical applications. Nevertheless, this paper presents a structural, optical, and conduction study of lead-free CsMnCl₃ perovskite. The material was prepared using slow evaporation method, the obtained compound crystallizes in a hexagonal system with the space group R-3m. The absorption spectrum of CsMnCl₃ is analyzed, and the band gap is estimated to be 4.56 eV. The electrical study is crucial for the identification of the allows us to classify CsMnCl₃ as a semiconductor, with conductivity increasing with temperature, as expected. The temperature-dependent electrical conductivity (dc) reveals a transition from semiconductor to metallic behavior at 383 K and from metallic to semiconductor behavior at 403 K. The study of the conductivity in the semiconductor phase indicates that above 383 K, the conductivity of CsMnCl₃ is governed by a single polaron hopping, and that below 403 K. In summary the comprehensive study of the structural, optical, and electrical properties of CsMnCl₃ provides valuable insights into its semiconductor characteristics and charge transport mechanisms, highlighting its potential for sustainable and environmentally friendly applications.