Utilizing auxin dwarf genes to optimize seed yield and lodging resistance in rapeseed

Direct-seeding rapeseed production at high plant density raises the risk of lodging. We investigated the use of dwarf genes to improve rapeseed plant architecture to balance yield and lodging. Three genotypes with different plant architectures (dwarf , semi-dwarf , and tall HS5) were evaluated under varying nitrogen rates (N1, N2, and N3: 120, 240, and 360 kg N ha) and plant densities (D1, D2, and D3: 15, 45, and 75 plants m) from 2019 to 2022. The results showed that increasing N rate positively influenced yield while decreasing lodging resistance in all genotypes. Increasing plant density (D2–D3) enhanced lodging resistance and yield in and +/, but reduced yield in HS5. Compared to the two parents, +/ exhibited moderate expressions of , , and in stems under N2D3, resulting in reduced plant height and increased compactness. Additionally, +/ had a thicker silique layer than HS5 by 14.7%, and it had a significant correlation between branch height/angle and yield. Increasing N rate led to increased lignin and pectin contents, while cellulose content decreased. Increasing plant density resulted in greater stem cellulose content and expression in and +/, but decreased in HS5. Compared to HS5, +/ exhibited higher expressions of and , along with a 51.1% increase in pectin content, leading to improved lodging resistance under N2D3. Consequently, +/ showed a 46.4% higher yield and 38.9% lodging resistance than HS5 under N2D3, while demonstrated strong lodging resistance but lower yield potential. Overall, this study underscores the potential of utilizing auxin dwarf genes to optimize the trade-off between yield and lodging resistance in rapeseed and the possibility of maximizing yield potential by optimizing the plant architecture of +/ through nitrogen reduction and dense planting.