Comprehensive review: Advancements in modeling geometrical and mechanical characteristics of laser powder bed fusion process

In its comprehensive exploration of recent developments in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) characteristics modeling, this study stands out by offering a unique emphasis on both geometrical and mechanical attributes, thus contributing novelty to the existing literature. While certain aspects of LPBF modeling may have been touched upon by existing reviews in the field, our study goes beyond by providing a holistic overview that encompasses a broad spectrum of geometrical and mechanical characteristics, thus introducing approach to understanding the complexities of the LPBF process. By categorizing LPBF modeling into distinct types and meticulously analyzing case studies across various length scales, from macroscopic to nanoscopic levels, we introduce novelty in the field by offering a comprehensive perspective on the intricacies of LPBF modeling. Furthermore, our study surpasses a surface-level examination of LPBF characteristics by delving deeply into the methodologies employed for modeling both geometrical and mechanical attributes, thereby introducing novel insights into the methodologies and challenges associated with LPBF modeling. A significant aspect of our review is the identification of gaps in the current body of knowledge, which serves as a foundation for proposing future trends and directions in LPBF modeling, thus introducing novelty to the literature. By highlighting these gaps and charting a course for future research, our study offers a novel perspective on how to advance the field of LPBF modeling, thereby contributing to ongoing refinement and innovation in additive manufacturing processes.