The application of 3D printing technology in tumor radiotherapy in the era of precision medicine

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is a new technology based on computer 3D digital imaging and multi-level continuous printing. From the initial field of construction manufacturing, it has gradually developed into the field of biology and medicine. Currently, 3D printing is widely utilized in orthopedics, dentistry, and other medical disciplines, and is gaining increasing attention in tumor radiotherapy. As a key cancer treatment, the trend towards precision and personalization in radiotherapy aligns perfectly with the capabilities of 3D printing. This innovative technology enables the creation of highly personalized treatment plans through the production of patient-specific anatomical models, radiation boluses, and implantable devices. It facilitates accurate visualization of complex tumor geometries, allowing for precise targeting and dose distribution. Additionally, 3D printing enhances the customization of radiotherapy accessories, improving radiation delivery conformity and minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. This review highlights the current advancements, applications, and future prospects of 3D printing in tumor radiotherapy, emphasizing its potential to enhance treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.