作为消极互惠反应的群体间报复和宽恕

Rama Charan Tripathi, Vaibhav Dwivedi, Rashmi Kumar
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摘要

目的本研究旨在了解印度教和穆斯林群体成员根据消极互惠规范对敌对群体的消极互惠行为使用报复和宽恕的原因。情境 1 涉及群体间事件,情境 2 涉及社区间事件。自己群体的成员违反了另一群体的规范,而对手群体的成员对此做出了消极反应。受试者预测了本群体成员对另一群体的负面反应采取报复或宽恕措施的可能性。预测这些反应的因素包括宗教、政治和文化认同、博爱的相对剥夺(FRD)、相对权力、愤怒和仇恨,以及对其反应适当性的看法。穆斯林的宗教认同感较强,而印度教徒的宗教认同感较弱,这降低了他们采取报复行动的可能性,但却增加了他们在两种情况下采取宽恕行动的可能性。在情境 2 中,两个群体的政治认同与宽恕呈正相关。文化认同预测了穆斯林在两种情况下选择宽恕的可能性。FRD 对穆斯林的报复或宽恕都没有明显的预测作用。就印度教徒而言,它降低了他们在情境 2 中选择宽恕的可能性。相对权力与穆斯林(而非印度教徒)在两种情境中实施报复的可能性呈正相关。愤怒增加了印度教徒在两种情况下做出报复和宽恕反应的可能性。愤怒并不能预测穆斯林的报复行为,但却与两种情况下的宽恕行为呈负相关。更强烈的仇恨与穆斯林的报复有关。社会影响本研究的结果对设计干预措施以解决各种社会环境中的群体间冲突具有重要意义。原创性/价值本文通过关注反作用力和对群体间冲突动态的理解,对群体间关系的违反规范理论进行了补充。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Intergroup revenge and forgiveness as reactions to negative reciprocity
Purpose This study aims to understand factors that explain the use of revenge and forgiveness by Hindu and Muslim group members in reaction to the rival group’s negative reciprocal behaviour based on norms of negative reciprocity. Design/methodology/approach Participants from Hindu (n = 175) and Muslim (n = 134) groups in India were presented with two norm-violating situations. Situation 1 involved an intergroup episode and Situation 2 involved an inter-community episode. Their own group members had engaged in the violation of the norms of the other group to which the rival group members had responded negatively. Participants anticipated the likelihood of their group members using revenge or forgiveness in response to the other group’s negative reaction. These reactions were predicted by religious, political and cultural identities, fraternalistic relative deprivation (FRD), relative power, anger and hate, and perception of the appropriateness of their reaction. Findings Social identities predicted intergroup revenge and forgiveness differently for the two groups in the two situations. The stronger religious identity of Muslims, not of Hindus, reduced the likelihood of their using revenge but increased it for forgiveness in both situations. Political identity associated positively with forgiveness in Situation 2 for both groups. Cultural identity predicted the likelihood of Muslims opting for forgiveness in both situations. FRD was not a significant predictor of revenge or forgiveness for Muslims. In the case of Hindus, it reduced the likelihood of their engaging in forgiveness in Situation 2. Relative power associated positively with the likelihood of Muslims, not Hindus, using revenge in both situations. Anger increased the possibility of Hindus reacting in revenge, as well as, forgiveness in the two situations. Anger did not predict revenge for Muslims but it related negatively with forgiveness in the two situations. Stronger hate was associated with revenge for Muslims. The choice of using revenge or forgiveness by own group members was positively predicted by the norms of negative reciprocity for both Hindus and Muslims. Research limitations/implications The study used a convenience sample of young people which reduces the generalizability of the findings. Social implications The findings of this study have implications for designing interventions for resolving intergroup conflicts in various social settings. Originality/value The paper adds to the norm violation theory of intergroup relations by focusing on counter-reactions and the understanding of the dynamics of intergroup conflicts.
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