Diversity and transition of stepfamilies among the G|ui and Gǁana

This paper examines how the nuclear family of G|ui and Gǁana, the two socio-culturally closely related hunter-gatherer groups of the San, has been (re)constructed and functioned since their resettlement in late 1990s. As with other hunter-gatherer groups, divorce and remarriage have been not uncommon among the G|ui/Gǁana. Extra-marital relationships, known as dzáã̄-kù , have also been semi-socially recognised. Consequently, the G|ui/Gǁana exhibit several stepfamily configurations. As in other San populations, the G|ui/Gǁana are known for their close mother–child relationships. However, it should be noted that non-maternal relatives have also been active participants in child-rearing. Children of stepfamilies are usually well informed about their origins and are not disconnected from their relatives, including divorced parents. The G|ui/Gǁana settlement established in late 1990s not only reduced group mobility, which had been characterised by fission and fusion of residential groups, but also led to a rapid increase in population density and fertility rates. Subsequently, the G|ui/Gǁana society has been modified in response to various difficulties. However, relationships with relatives, including divorced parents, continue to be an important social resource in this process.