Emerging Nurse Billing and Reimbursement Models.

Objectives: To explore and make recommendations to implement direct billing and reimbursement models for nursing care in the United States.

Background: Nurses make up the largest group of healthcare professionals and within hospitals, nurses represent approximately a quarter of all resources and associated costs of patient care. This care is mostly hidden in daily room and board charges.

Methods: The authors surveyed the recent and historical literature related to costing and billing for nursing care. These results were synthesized and led to the recommendation of several new models to cost, bill, and pay for nursing care provided by nurses who are not currently billing for their services.

Results: Two basic billing models are proposed: the 1st is to remove nursing care out of the current daily room or facility-based charges and allocate nursing care time provided to each patient during each day of stay. The 2nd is to expand existing Current Procedural Terminology codes to bill for specific activities and interventions by nurses in all settings where nursing care is delivered.

Conclusions: It is feasible to implement the proposed methods to identify patient-level nursing intensity, cost, services, and interventions provided by individual nurses in all healthcare settings.