A multi-objective optimization-based reflective metasurface for enhanced multi-point focusing with diffraction suppression

Metasurface arrays can achieve beam control at low cost and high quality by providing different phase compensations for each unit, effectively focusing microwave energy on target locations. With the development of short-range communication technology or microwave power transmission technology, the demand for focusing has also increased. Using metasurface arrays to achieve multi-target focusing has wide application value. However, as the number of focal points increases, the superposition of electromagnetic wave propagation paths leads to significant interference phenomena, which can impact potential applications. Existing solutions are unable to solve such complex problems involving a large number of targets with conflicts between them. Multi-objective algorithms, by iteratively obtaining a set of optimal solutions, provide decision support for designers in complex multi-objective problems. This paper alters the phase of cells in a reflective array, calculates the near-field electric field model using the Fresnel diffraction formula, and employs various solutions using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III) combined with different constraints. Finally, we select the balanced solution to establish the array. After simulation, three adjacent focal points with normalized central values of 1, 0.86, and 0.88 were obtained, with the maximum electric field value outside the focal points being only 0.58, demonstrating the feasibility of multi-objective algorithms in solving complex multi-focal problems.