The influence of seabed geology on the nature and preservation of bottom trawl marks in the Bornholm Basin, southern Baltic Sea

This study investigates six areas in a historically heavily trawled region of the southern Baltic Sea. Using acoustic geophysical mapping data and sediment cores from three field campaigns (2019, 2020, 2023), we evaluate and quantify the cumulative physical impacts from bottom trawling and the influence of seabed geology on mapped trawl tracks. The results are compared with fishing intensity data over three periods; 2012–2016, 2017–2019 and after the fishery closed. A correlation between fishing intensity and density of mapped trawl tracks exists in the soft sediments of the northern part of the area, while this link is weak in the less trawled southern part, where the seabed is characterized by more consolidated glacial clays and the high density of mapped trawl tracks reflects the preservation of tracks >8 years old. Four years after the closure of the fishery there were no signs of trawl-track degradation in any of the areas. In summary, mapped track densities alone are not a suitable measure of trawling intensity, considering the influence of seabed geology and the persistence of trawl tracks over time. Sediment deformation, observed by CT-scanning, indicates extensive remoulding and coarsening of the upper 20–40 cm of sediments in the trawled areas.