Belief-based denial of contraception and abortion care in Canada: A scoping review

Although contraception and abortion are considered medically necessary services, providers in Canada are permitted to deny services and referrals on the basis of their personal beliefs or conscience. Belief-based denial, sometimes referred to as “conscientious objection,” remains a controversial issue leading to barriers to access and provision of care. We carried out a scoping review to explore what is currently known about the belief-based denial of contraception and abortion care in Canada. We used a predefined framework to search for relevant sources and found a total of 97 articles including 27 peer-reviewed articles, 47 media articles, and 23 articles from reproductive health organizations, published since 1990. The literature we found shows that policy has been a key area of discussion; sources also focus on conceptually defining belief-based denial and advocacy efforts for reproductive rights. There is a stark lack of peer-reviewed literature documenting and examining the impact of belief-based denial of contraception and abortion care on those denied care in Canada.