Review Paper on Investigating the Hardened Properties of Extrusion Based 3D Concrete Printing with Agro-Industrial Waste Materials

Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) concrete printing (3DCP) is a transformative construction technique that offers the potential for greater efficiency, customization, and architectural flexibility. This technology is becoming increasingly necessary in the construction industry due to its ability to reduce labour costs, increase productivity, and minimize waste. The use of alkali-activated materials in 3DCP is gaining attention due to their superior mechanical properties and lower carbon footprint compared to traditional Portland cement. These materials, which include agro-industrial by-products like fly ash, slag and bagasse ash are activated by alkaline solutions to form a binder. The development of sustainable, alkali activated 3DCP materials is a critical step towards environmentally friendly construction practices. The primary focus of this research is to investigate the hardened properties of 3DCP materials, including compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, bond strength, and Poisson’s ratio. These properties are fundamental for predicting the performance of 3D printed structures under various loading conditions.