Observations from the Seafloor: Ultra-low-frequency ambient ocean-bottom nodal seismology at the amendment field

Summary Large-scale ocean-bottom node (OBN) arrays of 1000s of multi-component instruments deployed over 1000s of square kilometers have been used successfully for active-source seismic exploration activities including full waveform inversion (FWI) at exploration frequencies above about 2.0 Hz. The analysis of concurrently recorded lower-frequency ambient wavefield data, though, is only just beginning. A key long-term objective of such ambient wavefield analyses is to exploit the sensitivity of sub-2.0 Hz energy to build long-wavelength initial elastic models, thus facilitating FWI applications. However, doing so requires a more detailed understanding of ambient wavefield information recorded on the seafloor, the types, frequency structure and effective source distribution of recorded surface-wave modes, the near-seafloor elastic model structure, and the sensitivity of recorded wave modes to subsurface model structure. To this end, we present a wavefield analysis of low- and ultra-low-frequency ambient data (defined as <1.0 Hz and <0.1 Hz, respectively) acquired on 2712 OBN stations in the Amendment Phase 1 survey covering 2750 km2 of the Gulf of Mexico. After applying ambient data conditioning prior to cross-correlation and seismic cross-coherence interferometry workflows, we demonstrate that the resulting virtual shot gather (VSG) volumes contain evidence for surface-wave and guided P-wave mode propagation between the 0.01-1.0 Hz that remains coherent to distances of at least 80 km. Evidence for surface-wave scattering from near-surface salt-body structure between 0.35-0.85 Hz is also present in a wide spatial distribution of VSG data. Finally, the interferometric VSG volumes clearly show waveform repetition at 20 s intervals in sub-0.3 Hz surface-wave arrivals, a periodicity consistent with the mean active-source shot interval. This suggests that the dominant contribution of surface-wave energy acquired in this VSG frequency band is likely predominantly related to air-gun excitation rather than by naturally occurring energy sources. Overall, these observations may have important consequences for the early stages of initial model building for elastic FWI analysis.