拉开加州帮派数据库的帷幕:222 个执法机构的种族、民族和性别差异证据

David C Pyrooz, James A Densley
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摘要

加州帮派数据库(CalGang)是美国第一个最大的、也可以说是最有争议的共享帮派数据库。这项研究考察了该数据库的人口构成和差异,涉及 2017 年至 2022 年期间 222 个独特执法机构输入的 103 840 条记录;数据库中 94% 为男性,66% 为西班牙裔,23% 为黑人,51% 为 18 至 30 岁,38% 为 31 至 45 岁。约四分之一的加州人被列入 CalGang。年龄标准化估计表明,男性相对于女性的比例高出 17 倍,黑人和西班牙裔男性相对于白人男性的比例分别高出 33 倍和 11 倍,而亚裔男性的比例则偏低。几乎所有执法机构都普遍存在这些人口统计学差异。由于种族/族裔之间的显著差异,以及对公民自由、正当程序、隐私权和附带后果的担忧,帮派数据库仍将极具争议性。目前仍然存在的问题是,所观察到的差异是否可以用法律因素来解释,以及是否可以在保护个人权利的同时实现任何公共安全价值。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Pulling Back the Curtain on the California Gang Database: Evidence of Racial, Ethnic and Gender Disparities Among 222 Law Enforcement Agencies
The California Gang Database (CalGang) is the first, largest and arguably most controversial shared gang database in the United States. This study examined its demographic composition and disparities in 103,840 records input by 222 unique law enforcement agencies between 2017 and 2022; the database was 94 per cent male, 66 per cent Hispanic, 23 per cent Black, 51 per cent 18 to 30 years old and 38 per cent 31–45 years old. About one-quarter of 1 per cent of Californians are listed in CalGang. Age-standardized estimates indicated that males were overrepresented relative to females by a factor of 17 and that Black and Hispanic males were overrepresented relative to White males by factors of 33 and 11, respectively, while Asian males were underrepresented. These demographic disparities generalized across nearly all law enforcement agencies. Gang databases will remain highly controversial owing to significant racial/ethnic disparities, but also concerns about civil liberties, due process, privacy rights and collateral consequences. The generative questions that remain are whether the observed disparities can be explained by legal factors and whether any public safety value can be achieved while protecting individual rights.
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