A Tale of Many H0

▪The Hubble parameter, H0, is not an univocally defined quantity: It relates redshifts to distances in the near Universe, but it is also a key parameter of the ΛCDM standard cosmological model. As such, H0 affects several physical processes at different cosmic epochs and multiple observables. We have counted more than a dozen H0s that are expected to agree if (a) there are no significant systematics in the data and their interpretation and (b) the adopted cosmological model is correct.▪With few exceptions (proverbially confirming the rule), these determinations do not agree at high statistical significance; their values cluster around two camps: the low (68 km s1 Mpc1) and high (73 km s1 Mpc1) camps. It appears to be a matter of anchors. The shape of the Universe expansion history agrees with the model; it is the normalizations that disagree.▪Beyond systematics in the data/analysis, if the model is incorrect, there are only two viable ways to “fix” it: by changing the early time (z ≳ 1,100) physics and, thus, the early time normalization or by a global modification, possibly touching the model's fundamental assumptions (e.g., homogeneity, isotropy, gravity). None of these three options has the consensus of the community.▪The research community has been actively looking for deviations from ΛCDM for two decades; the one we might have found makes us wish we could put the genie back in the bottle.