Innovation stakeholders: Developing a sustainable paradigm to integrate intellectual property and corporate social responsibility

Innovation is usually framed in terms of expanding the knowledge frontier or the commercialization of new ideas. However, it is much more than that. Innovation is also about providing greater well-being for society and the various stakeholders that support a firm's efforts to innovate. This article examines the paradoxical status of innovation and its related legal domain of intellectual property rights, which largely exists beyond the purview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) theory, practice, and discourse. To address this conceptual deficiency, this article interlinks intellectual property, innovation, and CSR to offer three contributions. First, this article provides a working definition of the various stakeholders that must be identified to define CSR goals related to innovation. A critical aspect of CSR is the identification of relevant stakeholders. Second, this article discusses how established CSR approaches will accommodate these innovation stakeholders. Third, this article introduces and positions the managerial strategy of open innovation as a feasible and desirable approach that ethically recognizes, engages, and balances the interests of innovation stakeholders with the interests held by the firm and society. The normative argument made is that the firm's fiduciary leaders have an ethical obligation to pursue open innovation practices as a default norm to achieve the best CSR results for the firm and its various innovation stakeholders.