Subaqueous speleothems as archives of groundwater recharge on Australia’s southern arid margin

Abstract. As anthropogenic climate change enhances aridity across vast regions of the globe, understanding drivers of aridification is more important than ever before. Unfortunately, arid regions globally tend to exhibit a paucity of palaeoclimate records, and the archives that are available typically comprise unconsolidated sediments prone to reworking, large dating uncertainties, and ambiguous climatic interpretations. This is certainly true of Australia’s vast continental interior, which is dominated by harsh, arid conditions. Mairs Cave, in the southern Ikara-Flinders Ranges (South Australia), is located on the southern margin of the arid zone. In the present day the cave is largely dry and there is limited evidence of active speleothem growth. However, historical records and observations throughout the cave indicate that it has been periodically flooded, suggesting the local water balance was once much more positive than it is today. The cave contains a curtain of hanging speleothems known as pendulites, which grow subaqueously when submerged in water that is saturated with respect to calcite. Geochemical evidence, including trace element concentrations, uranium isotope ratios, and Dead Carbon Fractions, all indicate that rising of the local groundwater during periods of enhanced groundwater recharge is the cause of the cave flooding events that trigger pendulite growth. Uranium-thorium dating of a pendulite retrieved from Mairs Cave has revealed two multi-millennial growth phases (68.5 to 65.4 kyr and 51.2 to 42.3 kyr) and two short bursts of growth (18.9 kyr and 16.4 kyr) during the Last Glacial Period. The absence of subsequent pendulite growth suggests that strong water deficits under warm Holocene interglacial conditions give rise to episodic, rather than persistent, cave flooding.