Carboniferous wildfire revisited: Wildfire, post-fire erosion and deposition in a Mississippian crater lake

Fires have been shown to have been common in many Carboniferous ecosystems worldwide yet we still have little understanding of the detail of what, where and how such fires occur or indeed their effects both on the local ecosystem as well as on the Earth System as a whole. The Kingswood Limestone, of late Viséan (Mississippian age) found near Pettycur in Fife, Scotland, is interpreted as being deposited within a crater lake. The limestone contains a range of volcanic clasts together with charcoalified and uncharred plants. Two distinctive communities existed. One dominated by the small scrambling lycopsid Oxroadia that is permineralised and a second dominated by a range of pteridosperms and other gymnosperms preserved as charcoal. Fires surrounding a crater lake charred the plants that were then washed into the lake by post-fire erosion. All plant organs are found as charcoal including woody axes, leaves, pollen organs and ovules. Oxroadia that was living close to the lake was not affected by fire. Rising lake and sea levels allowed saline water to be introduced to the lake and connection to the sea was established. Many new charcoalified plants have still to be formally described. The Kingswood flora, together with the nearby Pettycur flora represents two of the most important Mississippian plant sites globally.