通过不同的 3D-CFD 模拟方法对氢气燃烧发动机中的喷射和混合气形成进行数值研究

Robin Schmelcher, A. Kulzer, Thomas Gal, A. Vacca, Marco Chiodi
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摘要

为了在 2050 年之前实现交通领域的碳中性,氢气作为一种替代能源载体可以发挥至关重要的作用,它不仅可以直接用于燃料电池动力汽车,还可以为内燃机提供燃料。本文重点对高压氢气喷射以及使用传统乘用车液体燃料喷射器的高翻滚发动机内的混合气形成进行了数值研究。由于模拟喷油器内部流动的传统 3D-CFD 方法需要极高的空间和时间分辨率,因此巨大的计算量,尤其是对全发动机的模拟,对现代发动机的有效虚拟开发是一个巨大的挑战。另一种更实用的拉格朗日 3D-CFD 方法提供了在不牺牲可靠性的前提下显著减少计算量的机会。罗伯特-博世公司(Robert Bosch GmbH)提供的喷射室内部光学测量结果对详细方法和拉格朗日方法进行了验证,以确保在模拟中准确再现喷射过程。研究结果表明,拉格朗日方法可以将时间步长扩大 30 倍,同时保持结果的可比性。在虚拟 3D-CFD 单缸发动机试验台中,考虑到增压高翻滚发动机概念和高达 220 巴的直接喷射,研究了对喷射传播和混合气形成的影响。在两个负荷点上改变喷射时间和空燃比,并与试验台数据进行验证。因此,通过匹配模拟结果,可以解释发动机行为的趋势,并详细说明氢气高压喷射与混合气形成之间的相互作用。其中特别关注了对气体交换损失、氮氧化物排放和发动机效率的影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Numerical Investigation of Injection and Mixture Formation in Hydrogen Combustion Engines by Means of Different 3D-CFD Simulation Approaches
For the purpose of achieving carbon-neutrality in the mobility sector by 2050, hydrogen can play a crucial role as an alternative energy carrier, not only for direct usage in fuel cell-powered vehicles, but also for fueling internal combustion engines. This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of high-pressure hydrogen injection and the mixture formation inside a high-tumble engine with a conventional liquid fuel injector for passenger cars. Since the traditional 3D-CFD approach of simulating the inner flow of an injector requires a very high spatial and temporal resolution, the enormous computational effort, especially for full engine simulations, is a big challenge for an effective virtual development of modern engines. An alternative and more pragmatic lagrangian 3D-CFD approach offers opportunities for a significant reduction in computational effort without sacrificing reliability. The detailed and the lagrangian approach are both validated against optical measurements inside a spray chamber, provided by Robert Bosch GmbH to ensure an accurate reproduction of the injection process in the simulation. The investigation shows, that the lagrangian approach enables 30 times bigger time steps, while maintaining comparable results. The effects on jet propagation and mixture formation are examined in a virtual 3D-CFD single cylinder engine test bench under the consideration of a boosted high tumble engine concept and direct injection up to 220 bar. A variation of injection timings and the air-to-fuel ratio are carried out at two load points and validated with the test bench data. By means of the matching simulation results, it is therefore possible to explain trends in engine behavior and make detailed statements about the interaction of the hydrogen high-pressure injection and the mixture formation. Particular attention was hereby paid to the influences on gas exchange losses, NOx emissions and engine efficiency.
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