Bacterial vaginosis and biofilms: Therapeutic challenges and innovations – A narrative review

Bacterial vaginosis (BV), characterised by an imbalance in vaginal microbiota, frequently leading to recurrent episodes, has garnered recent research attention due to the significance of biofilms in its pathogenesis. BV biofilms contribute to recurrence by providing a shelter for harmful bacteria, rendering them resistant to conventional treatment. Objectives of this review include characterising BV biofilms, evaluating the limitations of current antibiotic therapy, highlighting emerging solutions and emphasising multifaceted approaches. The review presents data from clinical studies and trials on biofilm-focused treatments which might reduce BV recurrence, with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of life of women with BV and reducing its burden on their reproductive health.