On bias and its reduction via standardization in discretized electromagnetic source localization problems

In electromagnetic source localization problems stemming from linearized Poisson-type equation, the aim is to locate the sources within a domain that produce given measurements on the boundary. In this type of problem, biasing of the solution is one of the main causes of mislocalization. A technique called standardization was developed to reduce biasing. However, the lack of a mathematical foundation for this method can cause difficulties in its application and confusion regarding the reliability of solutions. Here, we give a rigorous and generalized treatment for the technique using the Bayesian framework to shed light on the technique's abilities and limitations. In addition, we take a look at the noise robustness of the method that is widely reported in numerical studies. The paper starts by giving a gentle introduction to the problem and its bias and works its way toward standardization.