开发抗艾滋病毒治疗药物:从传统药物发现到尖端技术

Pharmaceuticals Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI:10.3390/ph17070887
Yaping Sun, Lingyun Wang
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摘要

自 20 世纪 80 年代确诊第一例人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者以来,人们一直在努力探索 HIV 治疗方法。十年后,第一种针对艾滋病病毒逆转录酶的药物齐多夫定(AZT)问世。与此同时,科学家们发现了针对不同艾滋病毒基因(如整合酶、蛋白酶和宿主受体)的新药。联合抗逆转录病毒疗法(cART)是抑制艾滋病病毒感染者(PWH)体内病毒并控制疫情的最可行的医疗干预措施。抗逆转录病毒疗法使艾滋病成为一种慢性感染而非致命疾病,但抗逆转录病毒疗法并不能消除宿主细胞中潜伏的HIV-1病毒库;患者必须严格并终身坚持抗逆转录病毒疗法才能使治疗有效。在这篇综述中,我们首先讨论了传统 HIV 药物发现的科学史,因为科学家们需要开发越来越多的药物来解决耐药性问题并释放副作用。然后,我们总结了应用于艾滋病治疗的基因编辑等新型研究技术,以及它们作为一种辅助疗法对消除艾滋病病毒所做的贡献。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Development of Anti-HIV Therapeutics: From Conventional Drug Discovery to Cutting-Edge Technology
The efforts to discover HIV therapeutics have continued since the first human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patient was confirmed in the 1980s. Ten years later, the first HIV drug, zidovudine (AZT), targeting HIV reverse transcriptase, was developed. Meanwhile, scientists were enlightened to discover new drugs that target different HIV genes, like integrase, protease, and host receptors. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is the most feasible medical intervention to suppress the virus in people with HIV (PWH) and control the epidemic. ART treatment has made HIV a chronic infection rather than a fatal disease, but ART does not eliminate latent reservoirs of HIV-1 from the host cells; strict and life-long adherence to ART is required for the therapy to be effective in patients. In this review, we first discussed the scientific history of conventional HIV drug discovery since scientists need to develop more and more drugs to solve drug-resistant issues and release the side effects. Then, we summarized the novel research technologies, like gene editing, applied to HIV treatment and their contributions to eliminating HIV as a complementary therapy.
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