英国在印度的森林法:破坏生态平衡、生计、传统和习俗

Ms Bhumika, Sanjeev Kumar
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摘要

本文旨在全面分析英国在印度殖民地时期的森林政策及其影响。印度各邦对森林及其居民的干涉极少,但英国人却对森林资源及其居民进行了最大限度的开发。研究的时间段包括 19 世纪和 20 世纪的印度殖民地时期,重点是中印度。采用的研究设计和方法包括阅读和分析各种第一手和第二手资料,包括书籍、研究论文、研讨会、国家档案馆报告、地理信息系统地图等。通过所有分析,我们可以得出这样的结果:英国人出于木材采购和增加土地收入等自身考虑,开始控制森林资源,通过制定《印度森林法》等法律,禁止或取缔当地人的传统森林活动,如狩猎、轮垦或放牧。所有这些变化都导致了对森林的改造,如种植盐树、柚木和檀香树而不是当地树木,开垦森林用于耕种或将狩猎发展为一项体育运动,这些都加剧了印度人在环境、经济和社会方面的困境,尽管英国人从中获得了巨大的利益。当地人试图以各种方式提出抗议,但不是被镇压,就是被安抚,只进行了最低限度的改革,如果仍不屈服,就会被打上严厉的《犯罪部落法》(Criminal Tribes Act)的烙印。因此,殖民国家试图利用一切手段维持其霸权。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
British Forest Laws in India: Disruption of Ecological Balance, Livelihoods, Traditions and Customs
The aim of the article is to analyze the British Forest Policy in Colonial India and its impacts comprehensively. Indian States' minimal intrusion into Forests and its inhabitants was breached by the British to the utmost exploitation of Forest Resources as well as its people. The time period of the study includes 19th and 20th century colonial India with special focus on Central India. The Study Design and Methodology used includes reading and analyzing various Primary and Secondary Sources including books, research papers, seminars, National Archives Reports, GIS mapping etc. By all the analysis, one can formulate the Results as such that the British because of their own considerations like Timber procurement and increasing land revenue, started controlling forest resources by prohibiting or banning traditional forest practices by the local people like hunting, shifting cultivation or grazing of cattle by bringing out legislations like The Indian Forest Acts. All these changes led to tempering with Forests like growing Sal, Teak and Deodar instead of local trees, clearing forests for cultivation or developing hunting as a Sport added to the Environmental, Economic and Social woes for Indians although they reaped humongous benefits for the British. The locals tried to protest in various ways but they were either crushed or placated with minimal reforms and if still not succumbed then were branded as Criminal Tribes under draconian Act of Criminal Tribes Act. Thus the colonial State tried to maintain its hegemony by using all means.
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