锂与水:能源储存生命周期中的水社会影响

WIREs Water Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI:10.1002/wat2.1748
James J. A. Blair, Noel Vineyard, Dustin Mulvaney, Alida Cantor, A. Sharbat, Kate Berry, Elizabeth Bartholomew, Ariana Firebaugh Ornelas
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引用次数: 0

摘要

作为电动汽车(EV)电池的关键成分,锂在减缓气候变化方面发挥着重要作用,但锂在其整个生命周期中会对水和社会产生相当大的影响。上游萃取方法(包括露天开采、卤水蒸发和新型直接锂萃取(DLE))和下游工艺对水资源的数量和质量都会产生不同的影响,导致水资源枯竭和污染。在上游开采方面,对锂的生命周期进行全面评估的关键是,不仅要评估与淡水相关的累积影响,还要评估与矿化或含盐地下水(又称盐水)相关的累积影响。法律框架在监管通过卤水蒸发提取锂时,将卤水视为矿物质而非水,从而掩盖了对社会和生态的影响。对整个锂生命周期累积影响的分析表明,不仅传统的露天开采和卤水蒸发对水产生影响,而且 DLE 技术也需要大量淡水,加工过程中的废水、电池制造过程中的化学污染物、储能过程中的冷却用水以及回收过程中的水质危害也对周边社区造成负担。锂电池生命周期评估(LCAs)中的水分析往往不包括盐水,也缺乏按生命周期阶段用水对环境正义影响的水社会背景。新的研究方向可能得益于对锂生命周期评估采取更多社区参与和从摇篮到摇篮的方法,包括对 DLE 中淡水使用的区域化影响分析,以及下游流程中的废水污染、冷却水和回收危害。本文分类:人类水 > 人类水人类水 > 水治理人类水 > 想象和表现中的水水科学 > 水与环境变化
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Lithium and water: Hydrosocial impacts across the life cycle of energy storage
As a key ingredient of batteries for electric vehicles (EVs), lithium plays a significant role in climate change mitigation, but lithium has considerable impacts on water and society across its life cycle. Upstream extraction methods—including open‐pit mining, brine evaporation, and novel direct lithium extraction (DLE)—and downstream processes present different impacts on both the quantity and quality of water resources, leading to water depletion and contamination. Regarding upstream extraction, it is critical for a comprehensive assessment of lithium's life cycle to include cumulative impacts related not only to freshwater, but also mineralized or saline groundwater, also known as brine. Legal frameworks have obscured social and ecological impacts by treating brine as a mineral rather than water in regulation of lithium extraction through brine evaporation. Analysis of cumulative impacts across the lifespan of lithium reveals not only water impacts in conventional open‐pit mining and brine evaporation, but also significant freshwater needs for DLE technologies, as well as burdens on fenceline communities related to wastewater in processing, chemical contaminants in battery manufacturing, water use for cooling in energy storage, and water quality hazards in recycling. Water analysis in lithium life cycle assessments (LCAs) tends to exclude brine and lack hydrosocial context on the environmental justice implications of water use by life cycle stage. New research directions might benefit from taking a more community‐engaged and cradle‐to‐cradle approach to lithium LCAs, including regionalized impact analysis of freshwater use in DLE, as well as wastewater pollution, cooling water, and recycling hazards from downstream processes.This article is categorized under: Human Water > Human Water Human Water > Water Governance Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
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