A Pn magnitude scale mb(Pn) for earthquakes along the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Summary We developed a short-period Pn magnitude scale mb(Pn) for earthquakes along the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Due to low signal-to-noise ratios, teleseismic body wave magnitude and long-period surface wave magnitude cannot be confidently determined for small earthquakes of mb < 4. Local magnitude scales are also not useful for these events because the oceanic environment does not allow the propagation of crustal phases. However, regional high-frequency Pn waves from these small- to moderate-size (mb 3–6) earthquakes are well recorded in the equatorial Atlantic region and can be used to assign magnitudes. We measured over 2 041 Pn peak amplitudes on vertical records from about 20 stations in northeastern Brazil and 11 stations in western Africa in the distance range of 700–3,700 km. We analyzed data from 189 events from the global centroid moment tensor catalog to tie our mb(Pn) scale to MW so that seismic moments can be readily estimated. Pn arrivals show apparent group velocity between 7.9 km/s at short ranges (∼1,000 km) and up to 9.1 km/s at 3,500 km. The measured peak amplitudes have a frequency between 0.8 and 3 Hz at 1 000–1,800 km, but at greater distances, 1 800–3,700 km, they show a remarkably consistent frequency of about 0.8 Hz. The peak amplitude attenuates at a higher rate at short distances (∼0.65 magnitude units between 700–2,000 km) but attenuates at a lower rate at long distances (∼0.35 magnitude units between 2 000 and 3,700 km). The low rate of amplitude decay with distance and nearly constant frequency content of the peak amplitudes suggest that Pn waves propagate efficiently in the lower part of the upper mantle in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean basins. These are important attributes of oceanic Pn waves that can be used to assign magnitude for small- to moderate-size earthquakes in the equatorial mid-Atlantic region. The estimated station corrections correlate well with upper mantle low-velocity anomalies, especially in Brazil.