Perovskite photovoltaics: exploring the role of 2D and 1D carbon-based interfacial layers for enhanced stability and efficiency

In recent years, perovskite photovoltaics (PVs) have emerged as a highly promising technology for solar energy conversion. However, challenges such as instability, hysteresis, and limited device lifetimes have impeded their commercialization. In light of this, the proposed review addresses these critical issues by exploring the application of two-dimensional (2D) and one-dimensional (1D) carbon-based materials as interfacial layers in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A potential remedy for these problems is the use of interfacial layers between the charge transport and perovskite absorber layers. In recent times, there has been a lot of interest in carbon-based materials in both two- and one-dimensional forms as interfacial materials because of their special qualities and suitability for PSCs. The application of 2D or 1D materials as interfacial layers in perovskite PVs is reviewed in this review, including electron (or hole) transport layers (ETLs or HTLs). We list the main issues with PSCs and show how these issues can be lessened by using interfacial layers. Furthermore, we synthesize existing understanding of the potential of 2D materials and their contribution in resolving important PSC problems. This thorough analysis advances the creation of dependable and effective perovskite PV systems for real-world solar energy harvesting uses.