{"title":"降雨对稳定边界层大气湍流和近地面相似性的影响","authors":"Abdullah Bolek, Firat Y. Testik","doi":"10.1007/s10546-024-00873-x","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Near-surface similarities and atmospheric turbulence characteristics have a large impact on numerical weather prediction models. However, the validity of these similarities is unclear during precipitation. This study investigates the modulations in atmospheric boundary layer turbulence and the variations of the near-surface scaling similarities caused by rainfall. Here we present our field observations on the effects of rainfall on the near-surface similarities and atmospheric turbulence in the stable boundary layer using a Parsivel<sup>2</sup> disdrometer and a 3D ultrasonic anemometer at our outdoor rainfall laboratory in San Antonio, Texas, USA. During moderate to heavy rainfall conditions, higher turbulent energy was observed than those in non-rainy conditions when the turbulence intensity and the wind speeds were relatively low. On the contrary, when the turbulence intensity and the wind speeds were relatively high, the turbulence energy in the stable boundary layer were dampened due to the raindrops. Raindrops with high particle Reynolds numbers (<span>\\(Re_{p} = D_{m} v_{t} /\\vartheta\\)</span>; <span>\\(D_{m}\\)</span>—mean volume diameter, <span>\\({v}_{t}\\)</span>—terminal raindrop fall speed, and <span>\\(\\vartheta\\)</span>—kinematic viscosity of the surrounding air) can act as either a source or a sink of turbulent kinetic energy depending on the turbulence intensity of the atmosphere. Our field observations showed that near-surface similarities deviated from the scaled similarities under the influence of rainfall. The normalized standard deviations of the streamwise and vertical velocity components and the dissipation rate were higher during rainy than non-rainy times. Rainfall effects on turbulence modulations and near-surface scaling parameters of the stable boundary layer are discussed with considerations of the relevant mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9153,"journal":{"name":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Rainfall Effects on Atmospheric Turbulence and Near-Surface Similarities in the Stable Boundary Layer\",\"authors\":\"Abdullah Bolek, Firat Y. Testik\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10546-024-00873-x\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Near-surface similarities and atmospheric turbulence characteristics have a large impact on numerical weather prediction models. However, the validity of these similarities is unclear during precipitation. This study investigates the modulations in atmospheric boundary layer turbulence and the variations of the near-surface scaling similarities caused by rainfall. Here we present our field observations on the effects of rainfall on the near-surface similarities and atmospheric turbulence in the stable boundary layer using a Parsivel<sup>2</sup> disdrometer and a 3D ultrasonic anemometer at our outdoor rainfall laboratory in San Antonio, Texas, USA. During moderate to heavy rainfall conditions, higher turbulent energy was observed than those in non-rainy conditions when the turbulence intensity and the wind speeds were relatively low. On the contrary, when the turbulence intensity and the wind speeds were relatively high, the turbulence energy in the stable boundary layer were dampened due to the raindrops. Raindrops with high particle Reynolds numbers (<span>\\\\(Re_{p} = D_{m} v_{t} /\\\\vartheta\\\\)</span>; <span>\\\\(D_{m}\\\\)</span>—mean volume diameter, <span>\\\\({v}_{t}\\\\)</span>—terminal raindrop fall speed, and <span>\\\\(\\\\vartheta\\\\)</span>—kinematic viscosity of the surrounding air) can act as either a source or a sink of turbulent kinetic energy depending on the turbulence intensity of the atmosphere. Our field observations showed that near-surface similarities deviated from the scaled similarities under the influence of rainfall. The normalized standard deviations of the streamwise and vertical velocity components and the dissipation rate were higher during rainy than non-rainy times. Rainfall effects on turbulence modulations and near-surface scaling parameters of the stable boundary layer are discussed with considerations of the relevant mechanisms.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":9153,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Boundary-Layer Meteorology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-07-13\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Boundary-Layer Meteorology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"89\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-024-00873-x\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"地球科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-024-00873-x","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Rainfall Effects on Atmospheric Turbulence and Near-Surface Similarities in the Stable Boundary Layer
Near-surface similarities and atmospheric turbulence characteristics have a large impact on numerical weather prediction models. However, the validity of these similarities is unclear during precipitation. This study investigates the modulations in atmospheric boundary layer turbulence and the variations of the near-surface scaling similarities caused by rainfall. Here we present our field observations on the effects of rainfall on the near-surface similarities and atmospheric turbulence in the stable boundary layer using a Parsivel2 disdrometer and a 3D ultrasonic anemometer at our outdoor rainfall laboratory in San Antonio, Texas, USA. During moderate to heavy rainfall conditions, higher turbulent energy was observed than those in non-rainy conditions when the turbulence intensity and the wind speeds were relatively low. On the contrary, when the turbulence intensity and the wind speeds were relatively high, the turbulence energy in the stable boundary layer were dampened due to the raindrops. Raindrops with high particle Reynolds numbers (\(Re_{p} = D_{m} v_{t} /\vartheta\); \(D_{m}\)—mean volume diameter, \({v}_{t}\)—terminal raindrop fall speed, and \(\vartheta\)—kinematic viscosity of the surrounding air) can act as either a source or a sink of turbulent kinetic energy depending on the turbulence intensity of the atmosphere. Our field observations showed that near-surface similarities deviated from the scaled similarities under the influence of rainfall. The normalized standard deviations of the streamwise and vertical velocity components and the dissipation rate were higher during rainy than non-rainy times. Rainfall effects on turbulence modulations and near-surface scaling parameters of the stable boundary layer are discussed with considerations of the relevant mechanisms.
期刊介绍:
Boundary-Layer Meteorology offers several publishing options: Research Letters, Research Articles, and Notes and Comments. The Research Letters section is designed to allow quick dissemination of new scientific findings, with an initial review period of no longer than one month. The Research Articles section offers traditional scientific papers that present results and interpretations based on substantial research studies or critical reviews of ongoing research. The Notes and Comments section comprises occasional notes and comments on specific topics with no requirement for rapid publication. Research Letters are limited in size to five journal pages, including no more than three figures, and cannot contain supplementary online material; Research Articles are generally fifteen to twenty pages in length with no more than fifteen figures; Notes and Comments are limited to ten journal pages and five figures. Authors submitting Research Letters should include within their cover letter an explanation of the need for rapid publication. More information regarding all publication formats can be found in the recent Editorial ‘Introducing Research Letters to Boundary-Layer Meteorology’.