Characteristics of Suicide Prevention Apps: A Content Analysis of Apps Available in Canada and the United Kingdom

Objective: We aimed to examine the characteristics, features, and content of suicide prevention mobile apps available in app stores in Canada and the United Kingdom. Design: Suicide prevention apps were identified from Apple and Android app stores between March-April 2023. Apps were screened against predefined inclusion criteria, and duplicate apps were removed. Data were then extracted based on descriptive (e.g., genre, app developer), security (e.g., password protection), and design features (e.g., personalization options). Content of apps were assessed using the Essential Features Framework. Extracted data were analyzed using a content analysis approach including narrative frequencies and descriptive statistics. Results: Fifty-two (n=52) suicide prevention apps were included within the review. Most were tailored for the general population and were in English language only. One app had the option to increase app accessibility by offering content presented using sign language. Many apps allowed some form of personalization by adding text content, however most did not facilitate further customization such as the ability to upload photo and audio content. All identified apps included content from at least one of the domains of the Essential Features Framework. The most commonly included domains were sources of suicide prevention support, and information about suicide. The domain least frequently included was screening tools followed by wellness content. No identified apps had the ability to be linked to patient medical records. Conclusions: The findings of this research present implications for the development of future suicide prevention apps. Development of a co-produced suicide prevention app which is accessible, allows for personalization, and can be integrated into clinical care may present an opportunity to enhance suicide prevention support for individuals experiencing suicidal thoughts and behaviours.