长咀鱼(Istiophoriformes,Istiophoridae)化石和活体的系统发育模式:来自地中海中部的证据

IF 2.3 2区 地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY
Carlos De Gracia, Eduardo Villalobos‐Segura, Gustavo A. Ballen, Giorgio Carnevale, Jürgen Kriwet
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引用次数: 0

摘要

研究长咀鱼化石与现生长咀鱼之间的关系对于了解控制其生物多样性的生态驱动因素以及现生种群的分布模式如何受到当前非生物事件的影响至关重要。在这里,我们根据意大利的等角类化石,描述了晚中新世时期生活在地中海中部的六个等角类物种。其中,†Pizzikoskerma salentina、†Sicophasma macrocanalata、†Makaira adensa 和 †Makaira cyclovata 是新物种,而 †M. Belgica 和 †M.这里首次报告了托尔托尼亚的 Istiophorus 分类群,该分类群基于一个未确定的物种。我们将已知最早的长嘴鱼†Hemmingwaya sarissa作为外群纳入系统发生分析,重建了其形态特征的进化方向。结果表明,圆形横截面的喙,12个尾椎骨,纤细的身体和拉长的第一背鳍是同种异形的特征,而13个尾椎骨,纺锤形的身体,较短而尖的第一背鳍,侧突和椎骨中心的四角棘是与较大体型相关的特征。这里描述的长咀鲉物种在上颌前部有形成喙的骨小梁,这种不寻常的模式被解释为一种适应性,在增加体型的同时减轻重量。长咀鱼化石群表明海面温度在 23°C 到 24°C 之间,比现代地中海中部地区的温度要高得多。保存完好的一个标本显示了旗鱼和梭鱼之间的营养互动关系,这是化石等鳍鱼类中捕食与被捕食关系的第一个直接证据。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Phylogenetic patterns in fossil and living billfishes (Istiophoriformes, Istiophoridae): evidence from the Central Mediterranean
Study of the relationships of fossil and living billfishes is crucial for understanding the ecological drivers that control their biodiversity through time and how distributional patterns of extant populations may be affected by current abiotic events. Here we describe six istiophorid species that lived sympatrically in the central Mediterranean Sea during the Late Miocene, based on fossil istiophorids from Italy. Of these, †Pizzikoskerma salentina, †Sicophasma macrocanalata, †Makaira adensa and †Makaira cyclovata are new, while †M. belgica and †M. cf. colonense were described previously. The taxon Istiophorus is reported here for the first time in the Tortonian based on an unidentified species. We reconstructed the evolutionary direction of morphological traits by including the earliest known billfish, †Hemmingwaya sarissa, in our phylogenetic analysis as outgroup. A bill with circular cross‐section, 12 caudal vertebrae, a slim body and elongated first dorsal fin are shown to be plesiomorphic traits, while 13 caudal vertebrae, fusiform body, a shorter and pointed first dorsal fin, lateral process and quadrangular spines on the vertebral centra are traits associated with larger body sizes. The Makaira species described here have trabecular bone in the premaxilla forming the rostrum, an unusual pattern interpreted as an adaptation to reduce weight while simultaneously increasing body size. The fossil billfish assemblage suggests sea‐surface temperatures between 23°C and 24°C, much warmer than the modern central portion of the Mediterranean. The exquisite preservation of one specimen shows a trophic interaction between marlins and barracudas, the first direct evidence of predator–prey relationships in fossil istiophorids.
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来源期刊
Papers in Palaeontology
Papers in Palaeontology PALEONTOLOGY-
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
4.30%
发文量
55
期刊介绍: Papers in Palaeontology is the successor to Special Papers in Palaeontology and a journal of the Palaeontological Association (www.palass.org). The journal is devoted to the publication of papers that document the diversity of past life and its distribution in time and space. Papers in Palaeontology is devoted to the publication of papers that document the diversity of past life and its distribution in time and space. As a sister publication to Palaeontology its focus is on descriptive research, including the descriptions of new taxa, systematic revisions of higher taxa, detailed biostratigraphical and biogeographical documentation, and descriptions of floras and faunas from specific localities or regions. Most contributions are expected to be less than 30 pp long but longer contributions will be considered if the material merits it, including single topic parts. The journal publishes a wide variety of papers on palaeontological topics covering: palaeozoology, palaeobotany, systematic studies, palaeoecology, micropalaeontology, palaeobiogeography, functional morphology, stratigraphy, taxonomy, taphonomy, palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, palaeoclimate analysis, biomineralization studies.
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