One-dimensional deep learning driven geospatial analysis for flash flood susceptibility mapping: a case study in North Central Vietnam

Flash floods rank among the most catastrophic natural disasters worldwide, inflicting severe socio-economic, environmental, and human impacts. Consequently, accurately identifying areas at potential risk is of paramount importance. This study investigates the efficacy of Deep 1D-Convolutional Neural Networks (Deep 1D-CNN) in spatially predicting flash floods, with a specific focus on the frequent tropical cyclone-induced flash floods in Thanh Hoa province, North Central Vietnam. The Deep 1D-CNN was structured with four convolutional layers, two pooling layers, one flattened layer, and two fully connected layers, employing the ADAM algorithm for optimization and Mean Squared Error (MSE) for loss calculation. A geodatabase containing 2540 flash flood locations and 12 influencing factors was compiled using multi-source geospatial data. The database was used to train and check the model. The results indicate that the Deep 1D-CNN model achieved high predictive accuracy (90.2%), along with a Kappa value of 0.804 and an AUC (Area Under the Curve) of 0.969, surpassing the benchmark models such as SVM (Support Vector Machine) and LR (Logistic Regression). The study concludes that the Deep 1D-CNN model is a highly effective tool for modeling flash floods.